Edith Maged of Form IV at the Avigdor High School wrote an article for the school magazine in 1947. In the article, named “The Jewish Tragedy,” Edith describes her life during the Holocaust in the ghetto, Auschwitz, and the Salzwedel camp. She doesn’t write about her hometown or provide any personal information.
Edith begins her article with the occupation of Hungary in 1944, where she presumably lived before the war. She explains that the hardships for Jews, such as the yellow star, curfew and dismissal from work, began immediately with the occupation. The ghetto was then formed and all of the Jews were forced into one small street. Next, Edith describe her three-day journey to Auschwitz: “The most tragic moment was when we were separated from our parents, sisters and brothers.” She described their first encounter with the camp inmates: “bald people with half torn dresses and without shoes, we thought they were mad…twenty minutes later we looked the same as them.” Edith was saved from the selection and was sent to the barracks. She goes on to describe the meagre food rations, the roll calls, and the forced labour. After four months she was forced to march to a new camp that she calls Falwedel. This was presumably the Salzwedel camp in Germany. This was a female subcamp of the Neuengamme concentration camp with harsh conditions. Edith wrote about working for eighteen hours, beatings, and very poor food. The Germans then abandoned the camp, and for four days, before the Americans arrived, there was no food or drink and 500 people died. She concludes the article: “I am very thankful for the Americans for freeing us: if they had been any later we would not have been alive today.”
Edith’s story, together with the stories of other young survivors, was printed in the student newspaper of the Avigdor High School in England. The school, which absorbed many child refugees before and after the Holocaust, encouraged the children to share their experiences as a way of recovering from the traumatic years of the war.
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Avigdor High School – Following the Kristallnacht pogrom in 1938, the British government approved the rescue of thousands of Jewish refugee children known as the Kindertransport. The children were taken in by foster families across the country, and religious children found themselves suddenly living in non-Orthodox or even non-Jewish homes. Rabbi Schonfeld, one of the community leaders, took it upon himself to find alternative housing options for the Orthodox children where their religious practices and traditions could be observed. One of these options was the Jewish Secondary School (JSS), which moved to Shefford with the outbreak of the war. After the war, JSS moved back to London where it was renamed the Avigdor High School. In 1946, Rabbi Schonfeld began helping child survivors in displaced persons (DP) camps in Europe. Already home to British Jewish children and the German Jewish refugee children, the Avigdor School also became home to the children who had survived the horrors of the Holocaust. The staff struggled to find a way to contend with the trauma that the child survivors brought to the school and invited the children to share their experiences and stories in the school magazine as a method of healing.
Holocaust – The Holocaust, also known as the Shoah, was the genocide and persecution of European Jewry by the German Nazi regime and its collaborators in Europe and North Africa during World War II. The Holocaust was implemented in stages from Adolf Hitler and the Nazi party’s first rise to power. From 1933 anti-Jewish laws were passed in Germany which excluded the Jews from German society. The Nazis also began to create a network of concentration camps where Jews and other “undesirable elements” of society were imprisoned in inhumane conditions. With the Nazi occupation of Europe during World War II, which started in 1939, the formal persecution of Jews was implemented in all the occupied countries. Jews were sent to ghettos, made to work in forced labour, and lived in appalling conditions. In 1942 the Nazis held the Wannsee Conference where they decided on the Final Solution which detailed the extermination all the Jews of Europe. Initially, more than one million Jews were exterminated by death squads named Einsatzgruppen, who were assisted by local collaborators. As of 1942 Jews were deported from the ghettos to death camps in Poland, including Auschwitz-Birkenau, Majdanek, Chelmno, Belzec, Sobibor, and Treblinka, where millions were murdered in gas chambers on arrival. Jews who were not immediately murdered were sent to force labour, and many died as a result of the harsh conditions, starvation, and disease. Jewish resistance was extremely difficult, but attempts to fight the Nazis were made by Jewish partisans and fighters in uprisings such as, most famously, the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising and the Sobibor Uprising. In 1944, as it became clear that the Nazis were losing the war, Nazi camp commanders began to close the camps and forced the survivors to march towards Germany. Already sick and weak from the years of violence, more than 250,000 Jews died on these death marches. The Holocaust came to an end with the defeat of the Nazis in May 1945. Six million Jews, two thirds of the Jewish population of Europe, were murdered with millions more experiencing tremendous suffering, violence, and loss. In addition to the Jews, millions of Roma (gypsies), homosexuals, Jehovah’s Witnesses, disabled people, and Soviet and Polish prisoners of war were also murdered during the Holocaust.
The Jewish Community of Britain – The first mention of Jews in Britain is from 1070. In the eleventh and twelfth century Jews were legally under the protection of the monarchs in return for heavy taxes and loans and lived mainly in the financial centres of London, Oxford, Lincoln, Bristol, and Norwich. In the late twelfth century, the Jews suffered from anti-Semitic restrictions, blood libels, riots, and massacres. One of the worst anti-Semitic massacres of the Middle Ages took place in York where the entire Jewish community was burnt to death at Clifford’s Tower. In 1290 King Edward I expelled all the Jews of Britain and their homes and properties were confiscated. For many centuries, Jews did not officially live in the country, but many lived secretly until the rule of Oliver Cromwell, when they were readmitted due to the intervention of the Dutch rabbi and leader, Menashe Ben Israel. Many of these new Jewish arrivals were of Spanish and Portuguese origins. An attempt to legalise Jewish presence in Britain was made in 1753 with the Jewish Naturalisation Act, and in the nineteenth century Jews received equal rights. The community prospered and comprised academics, bankers, scientists, and merchants. Among these distinguished British Jews of the eighteenth and nineteenth century were Sir Moses Montefiore, Nathan Mayer von Rothschild, and Benjamin Disraeli. Due to the good conditions, the lack of violence towards Jews, and religious tolerance, in the nineteenth century Britain became a target for Jewish immigration from Eastern Europe. The new Jewish immigrants lived mainly in the large industrial cities, especially London, Manchester, and Leeds. The East End of London became a Jewish neighbourhood where Yiddish was commonly spoken. In the twentieth century many more Jews fleeing the Nazis arrived in Britain, including the famous kindertransport, the British rescue effort of thousands of children from Nazi-occupied Europe. The Jewish community of Britain numbers over 300,000 today. This is the fifth largest Jewish community in the world and the second in Europe.
