This is a poster advertising a demonstration organised by the Herut movement in support of Soviet Jewry. The poster, like many others produced for this campaign, uses a bold design of black and red elements. The main design is of a red flame created from the Hebrew words “Let My People Go” – the slogan of the campaign for Soviet Jews. Emerging from the fire are two hands, symbolising a person trapped in the fire and unable to escape their predicament. The advertised demonstration was against the continued persecution of Soviet Jews by the authorities and the denial of their right to leave the USSR and emigrate to Israel as they wished. The demonstration was to take place in Tel Aviv on Friday 14 Iyar, May 2, in front of the American, French, British, and Finnish embassies. This was as an attempt to influence the Western governments that had diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union to pressurise the Soviet authorities to free the Jews and to improve their situation. The poster was created by the Herut movement, the precursor to the modern-day Likud party.
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Soviet Jewry Movement – The Soviet Jewry movement refers to the activities of Jews in the United States, Europe, and Israel to pressure the Soviet Union to allow Jews to immigrate to Israel. This movement began as a grassroots movement in the United States, led by students and housewives, but within a short time many more joined the movement and they even succeeded in enlisting large Western governments to protest the plight of Soviet Jews, as a human rights issue, whenever they met with Soviet officials. The movement’s slogan, taken from the book of Exodus, was “Let My People Go,” and it was used in demonstrations and rallies that took place around the world, culminating in the 1987 March on Washington when a quarter of a million people rallied in Washington, DC before the Reagan-Gorbachev summit. Throughout this period and continuing after the collapse of the Soviet Union, over one million Russian Jews left the Soviet Union, with most of them immigrating to Israel. Some well-known Russian emigres are Natan Sharansky, Ida Nudel, Yuli Edelstein, and Sergey Brin, Google co-founder.
Jews in the Soviet Union – The communist ideology of the Soviet Union demanded all Soviet minorities and nationalities to merge into one Soviet entity. While the Jews were not allowed a Jewish identity or to practice their Jewish tradition, they were nonetheless forced to have the word “Jewish” printed on their identity cards during Stalin’s rule. The combination of wiping out national and religious identity and yet singling out Jews created a difficult situation for Soviet Jews. With the creation of the State of Israel, their situation became even more complex. Despite voting in favour of the establishment of the State of Israel, the Soviet Union rejected Zionism in principle and prohibited any activity of a national or Jewish nature. In the 1960s, and especially after Israel’s success in the 1967 Six-Day War, Soviet Jews felt tremendous pride in Israel and empowered to request exit visas to leave the Soviet Union for Israel. However, most applicants for exit visas were “refused,” which led to them being known as “Refuseniks.” Some Refuseniks were fired from their jobs and even arrested and charged with activity against the government and the Soviet people. The plight of Soviet Jewry aroused international Jewish activity and pressure from the United States and Europe on the Soviet Union to open their gates. As a result of this activity, the Soviet Union changed its policy and enabled hundreds of thousands of Jews to leave for Israel.
Refuseniks – During the communist rule of the Soviet Union, it was very difficult for Jews to obtain visas to leave the country, and only a small quota of Jews was allowed to leave each year. The Jews who were refused an exit permit were unofficially named “refuseniks” and were considered either traitors or a security liability. Jews who applied for an exit visa were subjected to KGB (secret police) surveillance, were often denied employment, and, as a result, would either face imprisonment or find a menial job. Famous refuseniks included Natan Sharansky, Ida Nudel, Yosef Mendelevitch, Israel and Sylva Zalmenson, and Yuli Edelstein, who later became the speaker of the Knesset (Israeli parliament). In the 1970s the plight of the Soviet refuseniks became known, and Jews from around the world placed international pressure on the USSR to allow Jews to leave the country. In 1990s, with political changes in the USSR Jews were allowed to leave freely.
Herut – The Herut (freedom) party, which was founded and led by Menahem Begin, had its roots in the Irgun, a pre-state underground military group, and in Ze’ev Jabotinsky’s revisionist Zionism. Herut took a hard line on territorial issues, believing in the biblical borders of the Land of Israel, which include land on both sides of the Jordan River. Herut was the opposition party during the early decades of the state that were dominated by the socialist Mapai party, which refused to include Herut in its coalition governments. Herut was opposed to socialism and encouraged private enterprise. In the 1950s, Herut opposed the reparation agreement between Israel and Germany in the wake of the Holocaust. In 1965 Herut joined the Liberal party to form Gahal, and in 1973 Gahal and several other parties joined together to form the Likud. Menachem Begin became prime minister in 1977, after the Likud party’s surprising victory.
