This photo shows Ida Nudel with one hand raised in triumph upon her arrival in Israel. She is wearing a white blouse and is flanked on either side by two of the most prominent politicians of the day, Prime Minister Yitzhak Shamir (left) and Shimon Peres (right), the then foreign minister of Israel.
Ida Nudel had been inspired by the Leningrad Refuseniks’ hijacking attempt to apply for an exit visa from the Soviet Union. Her application was denied on the basis that her previous job had allowed her access to too many state secrets. As a result of her actions and her support of other Refuseniks, Nudel was sent to Siberia for several years. Seventeen years later, in 1987, following international protest, Nudel was finally permitted to leave for Israel. She was one of the most famous Refuseniks, garnering support from the famous actress Jane Fonda and inspiring Israeli President Chaim Herzog to leave an empty seat for her at his Passover Seder.
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Ida Nudel - Ida Nudel was one of the most famous refuseniks in the former Soviet Union. In 1971, Nudel and her sister, her only relative, applied to leave the USSR to move to Israel. While her sister was granted permission, Nudel was not on the false grounds that she had been exposed to Soviet secrets at her place of work. As a refusenik, Nudel lost her job and began working to help her fellow refuseniks. She was known as the “guardian angel” for the work that she did supporting other refusenik families. During this time she was arrested and harassed on many occasions. In 1978, Nudel hung a banner from her balcony saying: “KGB - GIVE ME MY EXIT VISA.” As a result, she was arrested and sentence to four years of exile in Siberia. After being released from Siberia in 1982, Nudel was not allowed to live in a large city; this did not, however, prevent her from being well known in the western world. Jewish people from around the world and international leaders and celebrities such as Secretary of State George Shultz and actresses Jane Fonda and Liv Ullman worked on behalf of Nudel’s release. In 1987, Nudel was given permission to leave the USSR and move to Israel, where she made her home near her sister. Since moving to Israel, Nudel has been involved with the organization Mother to Mother, which works with at-risk youth from the former Soviet Union who have moved to Israel.
Soviet Jewry Movement – The Soviet Jewry movement refers to the activities of Jews in the United States, Europe, and Israel to pressure the Soviet Union to allow Jews to immigrate to Israel. This movement began as a grassroots movement in the United States, led by students and housewives, but within a short time many more joined the movement and they even succeeded in enlisting large Western governments to protest the plight of Soviet Jews, as a human rights issue, whenever they met with Soviet officials. The movement’s slogan, taken from the book of Exodus, was “Let My People Go,” and it was used in demonstrations and rallies that took place around the world, culminating in the 1987 March on Washington when a quarter of a million people rallied in Washington, DC before the Reagan-Gorbachev summit. Throughout this period and continuing after the collapse of the Soviet Union, over one million Russian Jews left the Soviet Union, with most of them immigrating to Israel. Some well-known Russian emigres are Natan Sharansky, Ida Nudel, Yuli Edelstein, and Sergey Brin, Google co-founder.
Jews in the Soviet Union – The communist ideology of the Soviet Union demanded all Soviet minorities and nationalities to merge into one Soviet entity. While the Jews were not allowed a Jewish identity or to practice their Jewish tradition, they were nonetheless forced to have the word “Jewish” printed on their identity cards during Stalin’s rule. The combination of wiping out national and religious identity and yet singling out Jews created a difficult situation for Soviet Jews. With the creation of the State of Israel, their situation became even more complex. Despite voting in favour of the establishment of the State of Israel, the Soviet Union rejected Zionism in principle and prohibited any activity of a national or Jewish nature. In the 1960s, and especially after Israel’s success in the 1967 Six-Day War, Soviet Jews felt tremendous pride in Israel and empowered to request exit visas to leave the Soviet Union for Israel. However, most applicants for exit visas were “refused,” which led to them being known as “Refuseniks.” Some Refuseniks were fired from their jobs and even arrested and charged with activity against the government and the Soviet people. The plight of Soviet Jewry aroused international Jewish activity and pressure from the United States and Europe on the Soviet Union to open their gates. As a result of this activity, the Soviet Union changed its policy and enabled hundreds of thousands of Jews to leave for Israel.
Refuseniks – During the communist rule of the Soviet Union, it was very difficult for Jews to obtain visas to leave the country, and only a small quota of Jews was allowed to leave each year. The Jews who were refused an exit permit were unofficially named “refuseniks” and were considered either traitors or a security liability. Jews who applied for an exit visa were subjected to KGB (secret police) surveillance, were often denied employment, and, as a result, would either face imprisonment or find a menial job. Famous refuseniks included Natan Sharansky, Ida Nudel, Yosef Mendelevitch, Israel and Sylva Zalmenson, and Yuli Edelstein, who later became the speaker of the Knesset (Israeli parliament). In the 1970s the plight of the Soviet refuseniks became known, and Jews from around the world placed international pressure on the USSR to allow Jews to leave the country. In 1990s, with political changes in the USSR Jews were allowed to leave freely.
