This is a two-page essay written by Freda Stolzberg from Form V for the 5708 Rosh Hashanah edition of the Avigdor High School magazine. Freda writes about the “days before our family circle was broken up.” Freda writes that war came to her family as a surprise and that her family was dispersed. She then describes happy memories of her past, “while my eyes are filled with warm tears.” She remembers coming home from school to the arms of her welcoming mother. She fondly describes the bustle of family life, for example, waiting for her turn to wash her hands in the bathroom after school and then the conversation around the dinner table. After the meal, there was housework, homework, and high spirits with jazz playing on the radio. At the end of the essay, Freda writes about her mother: “She was a sweet mother, the sweetest there ever was…Alas! Those times are gone and she has gone with them. I shall never forget her of the happiness she brought to me during her life.”
Many years later Freda (now Frieda Stolzberg Korobkin) wrote her autobiography, Throw Your Feet Over Your Shoulders: Beyond the Kindertransport, in which she wrote about her family and her escape from Vienna on the Kindertransport at the age of six. Fortunately, Frieda and her siblings all made it to safety before war broke out. Frieda, who was from an observant family, was part of a group of children organised by Rabbi Schonfeld. She was separated from her siblings and lived with several non-Jewish families. Her sister finally “kidnapped” Frieda, as Frieda wrote in her book, and brought her to the Avigdor High School in Shefford. According to a testimonial page that Frieda herself completed, her mother Yochewed and father Nissan lived in Yugoslavia during the war and were both killed there. At the bottom of the page, a handwritten addition refers to a mass grave containing the remains of Viennese Jews and probably of her parents.
The memories that she shares in the Avigdor High School magazine reflect the sad situation of the children of the Kindertransport, who were fortunate to have been saved but whose lives were uprooted by the dramatic events of World War II; many of them never saw their parents again.
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Avigdor High School – Following the Kristallnacht pogrom in 1938, the British government approved the rescue of thousands of Jewish refugee children known as the Kindertransport. The children were taken in by foster families across the country, and religious children found themselves suddenly living in non-Orthodox or even non-Jewish homes. Rabbi Schonfeld, one of the community leaders, took it upon himself to find alternative housing options for the Orthodox children where their religious practices and traditions could be observed. One of these options was the Jewish Secondary School (JSS), which moved to Shefford with the outbreak of the war. After the war, JSS moved back to London where it was renamed the Avigdor High School. In 1946, Rabbi Schonfeld began helping child survivors in displaced persons (DP) camps in Europe. Already home to British Jewish children and the German Jewish refugee children, the Avigdor School also became home to the children who had survived the horrors of the Holocaust. The staff struggled to find a way to contend with the trauma that the child survivors brought to the school and invited the children to share their experiences and stories in the school magazine as a method of healing.
Kinderstransport – Kindertransport, the German word for “children’s transport,” is the name given to the rescue operation of 12,000 Jewish children from Germany, Austria, and Czechoslovakia between December 1938 and the outbreak of World War II on September 1, 1939. Following the Kristallnacht pogrom, pressure was put on the British government to provide a safe haven for Jewish children. Jews and non-Jews, such as Wilfrid Israel, Bertha Bracey, and Nicholas Winton, were the driving forces behind the Kindertransport operation. The Jewish community in Britain provided funds to assist with the absorption of the children. The children were accompanied by their parents to local railway stations and, in many cases, never saw their parents again. Once in England, the children were placed in foster homes, hostels, schools, and farms. In many cases the children were welcomed and cared for, however they inevitably suffered extreme trauma due to parting from their parents, adjusting to a foreign country, and worrying constantly for their parents in Nazi-occupied Europe.
Holocaust – The Holocaust, also known as the Shoah, was the genocide and persecution of European Jewry by the German Nazi regime and its collaborators in Europe and North Africa during World War II. The Holocaust was implemented in stages from Adolf Hitler and the Nazi party’s first rise to power. From 1933 anti-Jewish laws were passed in Germany which excluded the Jews from German society. The Nazis also began to create a network of concentration camps where Jews and other “undesirable elements” of society were imprisoned in inhumane conditions. With the Nazi occupation of Europe during World War II, which started in 1939, the formal persecution of Jews was implemented in all the occupied countries. Jews were sent to ghettos, made to work in forced labour, and lived in appalling conditions. In 1942 the Nazis held the Wannsee Conference where they decided on the Final Solution which detailed the extermination all the Jews of Europe. Initially, more than one million Jews were exterminated by death squads named Einsatzgruppen, who were assisted by local collaborators. As of 1942 Jews were deported from the ghettos to death camps in Poland, including Auschwitz-Birkenau, Majdanek, Chelmno, Belzec, Sobibor, and Treblinka, where millions were murdered in gas chambers on arrival. Jews who were not immediately murdered were sent to force labour, and many died as a result of the harsh conditions, starvation, and disease. Jewish resistance was extremely difficult, but attempts to fight the Nazis were made by Jewish partisans and fighters in uprisings such as, most famously, the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising and the Sobibor Uprising. In 1944, as it became clear that the Nazis were losing the war, Nazi camp commanders began to close the camps and forced the survivors to march towards Germany. Already sick and weak from the years of violence, more than 250,000 Jews died on these death marches. The Holocaust came to an end with the defeat of the Nazis in May 1945. Six million Jews, two thirds of the Jewish population of Europe, were murdered with millions more experiencing tremendous suffering, violence, and loss. In addition to the Jews, millions of Roma (gypsies), homosexuals, Jehovah’s Witnesses, disabled people, and Soviet and Polish prisoners of war were also murdered during the Holocaust.
The Jewish Community of Britain – The first mention of Jews in Britain is from 1070. In the eleventh and twelfth century Jews were legally under the protection of the monarchs in return for heavy taxes and loans and lived mainly in the financial centres of London, Oxford, Lincoln, Bristol, and Norwich. In the late twelfth century, the Jews suffered from anti-Semitic restrictions, blood libels, riots, and massacres. One of the worst anti-Semitic massacres of the Middle Ages took place in York where the entire Jewish community was burnt to death at Clifford’s Tower. In 1290 King Edward I expelled all the Jews of Britain and their homes and properties were confiscated. For many centuries, Jews did not officially live in the country, but many lived secretly until the rule of Oliver Cromwell, when they were readmitted due to the intervention of the Dutch rabbi and leader, Menashe Ben Israel. Many of these new Jewish arrivals were of Spanish and Portuguese origins. An attempt to legalise Jewish presence in Britain was made in 1753 with the Jewish Naturalisation Act, and in the nineteenth century Jews received equal rights. The community prospered and comprised academics, bankers, scientists, and merchants. Among these distinguished British Jews of the eighteenth and nineteenth century were Sir Moses Montefiore, Nathan Mayer von Rothschild, and Benjamin Disraeli. Due to the good conditions, the lack of violence towards Jews, and religious tolerance, in the nineteenth century Britain became a target for Jewish immigration from Eastern Europe. The new Jewish immigrants lived mainly in the large industrial cities, especially London, Manchester, and Leeds. The East End of London became a Jewish neighbourhood where Yiddish was commonly spoken. In the twentieth century many more Jews fleeing the Nazis arrived in Britain, including the famous kindertransport, the British rescue effort of thousands of children from Nazi-occupied Europe. The Jewish community of Britain numbers over 300,000 today. This is the fifth largest Jewish community in the world and the second in Europe.
